Metaphors in International Political Discourse
Arsalam
Ghorbani Sheikhneshin
Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Kharazmi University
author
text
article
2012
per
Metaphors have been used throughout history to imagine and perform in discourses on international relations and politics. Each historical period has brought different conceptions of main political concepts, often based on natural imagery. Metaphors have different interpretations and translations; so can lead to misunderstandings, based on various political and social structures. This paper is concerned primarily with how metaphors are used in theories of International Relations, and how their notions can make better understanding of international relations. A number of the metaphors that have been used to describe international relation are summarized and analyzed.
International Relations Researches
The Iranian Association of International Studies
2251-8444
1
v.
2
no.
2012
9
32
https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_41888_8107019ebe8c92f9ee90800e37422232.pdf
Iran`s Regional Status in the Beginning of the 21st Century
Amir Mohammad
Haji-yousefi
Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Shahid Beheshti University
author
Mohammad
Mohammadian
Graduated in International Relations from Shahid Beheshti University
author
text
article
2012
per
Following the events of 11 September 2001, new developments in the Middle East heralded a new era in which it seems that the old order is being replaced by a new one. Some countries are rising while others are descending in power and status. This article seeks to examine this new order in the making. We speculate on the main characteristics of this new order in which some countries are rising as regional powers and argue that important changes in Iran`s regional status in recent years have in many ways expanded Iran`s influence and role in the Middle East and accelerated its drive to confirm its status as a regional power with leading role in the Muslim world.
International Relations Researches
The Iranian Association of International Studies
2251-8444
1
v.
2
no.
2012
33
72
https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_41889_65d107fc2fc6bf7f40ce21d61a05c70e.pdf
US-Russia Relations in a Neoconservative Era (2000-2008)
Cooperation and Tension
Seyed Mohammad Kazem
Sajjadpour
Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
author
Fatemeh
Taftian
Graduated from the Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran
author
text
article
2012
per
Relations betweenAmericaand Russia havebeenof interest toanalystsof international relations since long time ago. This relationship has experienced different periods of cooperation and tensions in different historical sections and by having a lot of ups and downs had a great impact on other countries’ relationships and international system. Afterthe collapse ofthe Soviet Union duringthe 1990s, there was less tension between the two countries but in the interval 2000-2008 the neo-conservatives came to power in America, so their relations became gradually tense after a short bilateral cooperation, and the tension reached its peak, during crisis in South Ossetia, in 2008. We can consider the cause of this increasing tension from different perspectives, including people and the celebrities role, and look at the problem from the perspective which adopts decision making approach in which the government is equivalent to official decision makers of the government. We can emphasize on the role of structure of international system in the increasing of the tension according to neo-realistic perspective or go within the country with an organizational approach and highlight the role of institutions, organizations, and forces in the foreign policy and increasing tension in bilateral relations.Various studies have considered the increasing tension in relations between America and Russia in this period from foresaid perspectives but fewer researches have considered the role of stream of thought in this increasing tension. We note that in this study, we sought to investigate: why and how have neo-conservatives as a stream of thought caused the increasing of the tension in relations between America and Russia? In order to answer this question we will try to answer three questions: what are the ups and downs of the relationship between America and Russia? What factors were effective at these ups and downs? And finally, how can the role of neo-conservatives be analyzed in these ups and downs? The focus of this study is that the streams of thoughts in America and Russia have played a key role in ups and downs of the two countries relations more than individuals, institutions and structures from 2000 to 2008, so that they haveoccasionally influenced even individuals and institutions and ignored the structures.The neo-conservative thought that took political power in the years 2000 to 2008 in America has played very important role in increasing tension in relations between America and Russia in this period.
International Relations Researches
The Iranian Association of International Studies
2251-8444
1
v.
2
no.
2012
73
100
https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_41890_e7ac5c56f964fbf276e616dcf93cd023.pdf
Representation/Spokesmanship of Islamic World: What and Who?
Mohsen
Khalili
Assistant Professor of Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
Reza
Daneshmandi
Master of Science in Political Science
author
Seyyed Mohsen
Mosazadeh Jazayeri
Master of Science in Political Science
author
text
article
2012
per
Who can function as spokesman of the Islamic World? One needs to answer this question based on the dichotomy of "self" and "others". First, what are the characteristics that Islamic World considers for such an entity? Next, how others in non-Islamic world would regard such a representative? Normative and descriptive approaches could be adopted to answer the main question. On the one hand, it can be a subjective and idealistic response disregarding the objective realities of the world arguing that it is incumbent on others to follow a utopian example of the Islamic world. On the other hand, it can address realities on the ground and understand who is entitled to be the legitimate representative of the Islamic world when it comes to others or non-Islamic world to listen to the spokesman. Based on the general theory of communication and philosophical question, researchers attempt to determine who can function as the spokesman/representative of the Islamic world. To overcome the challenging task, both descriptive research methods and field study techniques have been employed in this paper.
International Relations Researches
The Iranian Association of International Studies
2251-8444
1
v.
2
no.
2012
101
130
https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_41891_0af1fa397993464619a1c846208c7b04.pdf
Fiqh and Dynamic Essence of Foreign Policy:
Preventive/Motive?
Mohammad Javad
Ranjkesh
Assistant Professor of International Relations, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
Sahar
Servati
BSc in Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
text
article
2012
per
In any country, one of the main policy making spheres, is the foreign policy realm in the form of strategies and actions to secure national ends/interest in transactions with other actors and international environment. With regard to hyper changes in political, economic and informative of international scene, the importance of this issue is obvious for international actors. In fact, there is a kind of interaction between fluctuating essence of international relations and dynamic area of policymaking in foreign policy in each country. After victory of Iran's Islamic Revolution in 1979, a new and unprecedented pattern of governing in society and government issues was emerged that was based on dominance of religious principles and consequently fiqh, which is more static than dynamic dimension of international relations. The question that motivates this article is how a political system can make a type of discussion, adjustment or amelioration between these two static and dynamic areas so that response to outside changes.
International Relations Researches
The Iranian Association of International Studies
2251-8444
1
v.
2
no.
2012
131
154
https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_41892_e377ba6804a6e3099c46bf776f373134.pdf
The principles and structure of cosmopolitan Democracy: from national levels toward global levels
Mohammad
Tohidfam
Associate Professor of Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch
author
text
article
2012
per
No doubt that of the more desirable kind of political system is now democracy. Over time, thinkers have presented different patterns for democracy, most of which have been ideologically oriented. As an outstanding theorist in democratic studies, David Held seeks to effectively involve in the realization of democracy beyond right- and left-ideologies, presenting a cosmopolitan kind of democracy. Moreover, through process viewpoint, he attempts to take a step forward achieving public rights of democracy and humanity, and world participating to extend human identity to national, regional and global levels. Held often has process and perfectionist looks for democracy and believes that democracy, as a most successful human being’s system, will sustain its perfectionist process in passage from westphalian stat-oriented patterns towards new social movements and a global civil society. Linking the principles of autonomy and participation, he provides a new combination called “cosmopolitan democracy”; a perception of the democratic legal relations.The study presents major concepts, basic assumptions and structures of cosmopolitan democracy from national to regional and global levels, and the transition from state-oriented democracies towards a global democracy. The Last dreams of Held are to realize ideas of cosmopolitan democracy in global level and to find out novel forms of political society for cosmopolitanism where members from different societies would gather as global citizens in order to impact on decisions effective for whole world.
International Relations Researches
The Iranian Association of International Studies
2251-8444
1
v.
2
no.
2012
155
178
https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_41893_e86263e3f4f1b0d3a7205026c4760524.pdf
The Validity of Foreign Criminal Sentences in Islamic Jurisprudence and its Role in the Development of International Relations
Mojtaba
Janipour
Assistant Professor of Law, University of Guilan
author
text
article
2012
per
At the present time, according to facilities available for travelers to visit every country in the world, once a resident of Dar-al-Islam (whether a Muslim or non-Muslim) has been tried, acquitted or convicted of an offence in Dar-al-kufr, is the judgment valid under Islamic jurisprudence after returning to Dar-al-Islam or not? It seems possible by considering the interests of the Islamic system and assessment of policy experts. Whilst foreign criminal sentences accepted, particularly in the context of bilateral or multilateral treaty, it helps to establish judicial cooperation between states in a methodical manner and prepare the grounds to expand relationship and mutual trust between Iran and other countries in one hand, and contribute to decrease material and spiritual expenses, benefit the domestic criminal justice and facilitate the prisoners' contacts with their families, relatives and other close person on the other hand
International Relations Researches
The Iranian Association of International Studies
2251-8444
1
v.
2
no.
2012
179
197
https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_41894_86733a3be38b75c843fb736f3be215e6.pdf